{"id":116,"date":"2020-04-01T13:47:14","date_gmt":"2020-04-01T13:47:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/?p=116"},"modified":"2020-04-01T13:47:14","modified_gmt":"2020-04-01T13:47:14","slug":"validity-of-research-results","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/?p=116","title":{"rendered":"Validity of Research Results"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>1. When a extraneous variable systematically varies with the independent variable and influences the dependent variable, it is called:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Another dependent variable<br \/> b. A confounding variable<br \/> c. A moderating variable<br \/> d. An unreliable variable<\/p>\n<p> <strong>2. Which of the following statements is true?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a.\u00a0 A statistical relationship is sufficient evidence to infer causality<br \/> b.\u00a0 Temporal order of the cause and effect is not important in inferring causality<br \/> c.\u00a0 A statistical relation of X and Y is insufficient evidence for inferring causality<br \/> d.\u00a0 Temporal order of cause and effect variables and statistical relation are all that are needed to infer causality<\/p>\n<p> <strong>3. A school district examines a program that uses mentors to help very poor readers improve their reading performance.\u00a0 The children in the program are at the 4th percentile at pretest.\u00a0 At posttest they are around the 20th percentile. While it is possible that the program made the difference, another reason for the change in scores could be:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. History<br \/> b. Regression artifact<br \/> c. Multiple-treatment interference<br \/> d. Differential selection<\/p>\n<p> <strong>4. A group of researchers do a study where children from particular classrooms are assigned to treatment or control conditions.\u00a0 After the study, the researcher finds out that the students in the control group are higher achievers than those in the experimental group.\u00a0 He found no treatment effect.\u00a0 The failure to find an effect may be due to:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a.\u00a0 A treatment effect<br \/> b.\u00a0 A testing effect<br \/> c.\u00a0 A differential selection effect<br \/> d.\u00a0 A maturation effect<\/p>\n<p> <strong>5. A researcher examines a program looking at the effects of mentoring on poor readers&#8217; reading achievement. He looks at two different schools.\u00a0 One serves as the control and the other the experimental group. Both schools had reading achievement that was around the 50th percentile. During the time that the mentoring program is in place in the experimental group, a statewide reading initiative is started in randomly selected schools.\u00a0 The experimental, but not the control school is involved in the initiative. At the end of the year, the experimental group does better than the control.\u00a0 From the information presented above, a likely threat to the internal validity of the study is:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Selection by mortality interaction<br \/> b. Mortality<br \/> c. Selection-history effect<br \/> d. Selection-maturation effect<\/p>\n<p> <strong>6. Which type of validity refers to the degree to which you can infer that the relationship between two variables is causal?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Internal validity<br \/> b. Population validity<br \/> c. Ecological validity<br \/> d. Statistical conclusion validity<\/p>\n<p> <strong>7. Which type of validity refers to the ability to infer that the independent and dependent variables are related ant that the measured strength of the relationship is accurate?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Internal validity<br \/> b. Population validity<br \/> c. Ecological validity<br \/> d. Statistical conclusion validity<\/p>\n<p> <strong>8. An extraneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variable and also influences the dependent variable is known as a _______________.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a\u00a0 Confounding variable<br \/> b. Third variable<br \/> c. Second variable<br \/> d. Both a and b are correct<\/p>\n<p> <strong>9. The use of multiple observers to allow cross-checking of observations to make sure that the investigators agree with what took place is known as _______.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Interpretive validity<br \/> b. Researcher bias<br \/> c. Multiple operationalism<br \/> d. Investigator triangulation<\/p>\n<p> <strong>10. _____________ is the lowest inference descriptor of all because it uses the participant\u0393\u00c7\u00d6s own words.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Participant feedback<br \/> b. A verbatim<br \/> c. Data triangulation<br \/> d. Investigator triangulation<\/p>\n<p> <strong>11. ___________ refers to physical or mental changes that may occur within individuals over time, such as aging, learning, boredom, hunger, and fatigue.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a.\u00a0 Instrumentation<br \/> b.\u00a0 History<br \/> c.\u00a0 Maturation<br \/> d.\u00a0 Testing<\/p>\n<p> <strong>12. What type of validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized across time?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a.\u00a0 Ecological validity<br \/> b.\u00a0 External validity<br \/> c.\u00a0\u00a0 Internal validity<br \/> d.\u00a0\u00a0 Temporal validity<\/p>\n<p> <strong>13. Which of the following best describes interpretive validity?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a.\u00a0 Factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher<br \/> b.\u00a0 Accurately portraying the meanings given by the participants to what is being studied<br \/> c.\u00a0 Degree to which a theoretical explanation fits the data<br \/> d.\u00a0 Ability to generalize the study results across settings<\/p>\n<p> <strong>14. Which of the following terms is a strategy where the researcher actively engages in critical self-reflection about his or her potential biases and predispositions.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a.\u00a0 Experimenter effect<br \/> b.\u00a0 Reactivity<br \/> c.\u00a0 Investigator triangulation<br \/> d.\u00a0 Reflexivity<\/p>\n<p> <strong>15. Which of the following is not considered one of the criteria for inferring causality?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Evidence that the independent and dependent variables are related<br \/> b. Evidence that the relationship between the variables being investigated is not due to a confounding extraneous variable<br \/> c. Evidence that changes in variable A occur before changes in variable B<br \/> d. The temporal ordering of the variables being investigated does not matter because a relationship is all that is really needed<\/p>\n<p> <strong>16. The use of multiple data sources to help understand a phenomenon is one strategy that is used to promote qualitative research validity. Which of the following terms describes this strategy?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Data matching<br \/> b. Pattern matching<br \/> c. Data triangulation<br \/> d. Data feedback<\/p>\n<p> <strong>17. What may happen when different comparison groups experience a different history event?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. History effect<br \/> b. Selection-history effect<br \/> c. Selection effect<br \/> d. Group effect<br \/> \u00a0<br \/> <strong>18. What is another term that refers to a confounding extraneous variable?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Last variable<br \/> b. First variable<br \/> c. Third variable<br \/> d. Fourth variable<\/p>\n<p> <strong>19. Which of the following refers to any systematic change that occurs over time in the way in which the dependent variable is assessed?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Instrumentation<br \/> b. Maturation<br \/> c. Testing<br \/> d. Selection<\/p>\n<p> <strong>20. Which of the following terms describes the ability to generalize from the sample of individuals on which a study was conducted to the larger target population of individuals and across different subpopulations within the larger target population?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a.\u00a0 External validity<br \/> b.\u00a0 Population validity<br \/> c.\u00a0 Ecological validity<br \/> d.\u00a0 Temporal validity<\/p>\n<p> <strong>21. Which of the following is not a strategy used to promote qualitative research validity?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a.\u00a0 Peer review<br \/> b.\u00a0 Theory triangulation<br \/> c.\u00a0 Extended fieldwork<br \/> d.\u00a0 Random assignment<\/p>\n<p> <strong>22. The use of several measures of a construct is called:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Multiple operationalism<br \/> b. Multiple construct measurement<br \/> c. Operationalism<br \/> d. Methods triangulation<\/p>\n<p> <strong>23. A physical or mental change that occurs in participants over time that affects their performance on the dependent variable is called ________.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Instrumentation<br \/> b. Maturation<br \/> c. Regression<br \/> d. None of above<\/p>\n<p> <strong>24. Attrition generally occurs in research where ____.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. You do demographic research<br \/> b. The study fails<br \/> c. Some participants do not complete the study<br \/> d. The study is very brief<\/p>\n<p> <strong>25. Differential attrition occurs when the people dropping out from one group are different from the others in their group or from the people in the comparison group.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. True<br \/> b. False<\/p>\n<p> <strong>26. Internal validity refers to which of the following?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. The ability to infer that a casual relationship exists between 2 variables<br \/> b. The extent to which study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, and times<br \/> c. The use of effective measurement instruments in the study<br \/> d. The ability to generalize the study results to individuals not included in the study<\/p>\n<p> <strong>27. Which strategy used to promote qualitative research validity uses multiple research methods to study a phenomenon?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Data triangulation<br \/> b. Methods triangulation<br \/> c. Theory triangulation<br \/> d. Member checking<\/p>\n<p> <strong>28. Which type of validity refers to the factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Ecological validity<br \/> b. Temporal validity<br \/> c. Descriptive validity<br \/> d.\u00a0 None of the above<\/p>\n<p> <strong>29. Which of the following in not one of the key threats to internal validity?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Maturation<br \/> b. Instrumentation<br \/> c. Temporal change<br \/> d. History<\/p>\n<p> <strong>30. This type of validity refers to the ability to generalize the results of a study across settings.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Temporal validity<br \/> b. Internal validity<br \/> c. Ecological validity<br \/> d. External validity<\/p>\n<p> <strong>31. Which is not a direct threat to the internal validity of a research design?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. History<br \/> b. Testing<br \/> c. Sampling error<br \/> d. Differential selection<\/p>\n<p> <strong>32. Alteration in performance due to being aware that one is participating in a study is known as ______.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Operationalism<br \/> b. Reactivity<br \/> c. Temporal validity<br \/> d. Mortality<\/p>\n<p> <strong>33. The idea that the more times a research finding is shown with different sets of people, the more confidence we can place in the finding and in generalizing beyond the original participants is known as ___________.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> a. Naturalistic generalization<br \/> b. Methods generalization<br \/> c. Data triangulation<br \/> d. Replication logic<\/p>\n<p> Answers:<\/p>\n<p> 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. c 6. a 7. d 8. d 9. d 10. b 11. c 12. d 13. b 14. d 15. d 16. c 17. b 18. c 19. a 20. b 21. d 22. a 23. b 24. c 25. a 26. a 27. b 28. c 29. c 30. c 31. c 32. b33. d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. When a extraneous variable systematically varies with the independent variable and influences the dependent variable, it is called: a. Another dependent variable b. A confounding variable c. A moderating variable d. An unreliable variable 2. Which of the following statements is true? a.\u00a0 A statistical relationship is sufficient evidence to infer causality b.\u00a0 Temporal&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-116","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ugc-research"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/116","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=116"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/116\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=116"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=116"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=116"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}