{"id":81,"date":"2020-04-01T13:30:45","date_gmt":"2020-04-01T13:30:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/?p=81"},"modified":"2020-04-01T13:30:45","modified_gmt":"2020-04-01T13:30:45","slug":"inferential-statistics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/?p=81","title":{"rendered":"Inferential Statistics"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Which of the following symbols represents a population parameter?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 SD
b.\u00a0 s
c.\u00a0 r
d.\u00a0 0<\/p>\n

2. If you drew all possible samples from some population, calculated the mean for each of the samples, and constructed a line graph (showing the shape of the distribution) based on all of those means, what would you have?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 A population distribution
b.\u00a0 A sample distribution
c.\u00a0 A sampling distribution
d.\u00a0 A parameter distribution<\/p>\n

3. What does it mean when you calculate a 95% confidence interval?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 The process you used will capture the true parameter 95% of the time in the long run
b.\u00a0 You can be \u0393\u00c7\u00a395% confident\u0393\u00c7\u00a5 that your interval will include the population parameter
c.\u00a0 You can be \u0393\u00c7\u00a35% confident\u0393\u00c7\u00a5 that your interval will not include the population parameter
d.\u00a0 All of the above statements are true<\/p>\n

4. What would happen (other things equal) to a confidence interval if you calculated a 99 percent confidence interval rather than a 95 percent confidence interval?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 It will be narrower
b.\u00a0 It will not change
c.\u00a0 The sample size will increase
d.\u00a0 It will become wider<\/p>\n

5. Which of the following statements sounds like a null hypothesis?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 The coin is not fair
b.\u00a0 There is a correlation in the population
c.\u00a0 There is no difference between male and female incomes in the population
d.\u00a0 The defendant is guilty<\/p>\n

6. The analysis of variance is a statistical test that is used to compare how many group means?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Three or more
b. Two or more<\/p>\n

7. What is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution called?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Sampling error
b. Sample error
c. Standard error
d. Simple error<\/p>\n

8. Hypothesis testing and estimation are the two key branches of the field of inferential statistics?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. True
b. False<\/p>\n

9. A ______ is a subset of a _________.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Sample, population
b. Population, sample
c. Statistic, parameter
d. Parameter, statistic<\/p>\n

10. A _______ is a numerical characteristic of a sample and a ______ is a numerical characteristic of a population.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Sample, population
b. Population, sample
c. Statistic, parameter
d. Parameter, statistic<\/p>\n

11. A sampling distribution might be based on which of the following?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 Sample means
b.\u00a0 Sample correlations
c.\u00a0 Sample proportions
d. All of the above<\/p>\n

12. As a general rule, researchers tend to use ____ percent confidence intervals.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. 99%
b. 95%
c. 50%
d. none of the above<\/p>\n

13. Which of the following is the researcher usually interested in supporting when he or she is engaging in hypothesis testing?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 The alternative hypothesis
b.\u00a0 The null hypothesis
c.\u00a0 Both the alternative and null hypothesis
d.\u00a0 Neither the alternative or null hypothesis<\/p>\n

14. When p<.05 is reported in a journal article that you read for an observed relationship, it means that the author has rejected the null hypothesis (assuming that the author is using a significance or alpha level of .05).<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. True
b. False
\u00a0
15. When p>05 is reported in a journal article that you read for an observed relationship, it means that the author has rejected the null hypothesis (assuming that the author is using a significance or alpha level of .05).<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. True
b. False<\/p>\n

16. _________ are the values that mark the boundaries of the confidence interval.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Confidence intervals
b. Confidence limits
c. Levels of confidence
d. Margin of error<\/p>\n

17. _____ results if you fail to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually false.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Type I error
b. Type II error
c. Type III error
d. Type IV error
\u00a0
18. A good way to get a small standard error is to use a ________.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 Repeated sampling\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0
b.\u00a0 Small sample\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0
c.\u00a0 Large sample\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0
d.\u00a0 Large population<\/p>\n

19. The car will probably cost about 16,000 dollars; this number sounds more like a(n):<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Point estimate
b. Interval estimate\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0
\u00a0
20. Identify which of the following steps would not be included in hypothesis testing.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 State the null and alternative hypotheses
b.\u00a0 Set the significance level before the research study
c.\u00a0 Eliminate all outliers
d.\u00a0 Obtain the probability value using a computer program such as SPSS
e.\u00a0 Compare the probability value to the significance level and make the statistical decision<\/p>\n

21. A ________ is a range of numbers inferred from the sample that has a certain probability of including the population parameter over the long run.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 Hypothesis
b.\u00a0 Lower limit
c.\u00a0 Confidence interval
d.\u00a0 Probability limit<\/p>\n

22. ________ is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 Standard error
b.\u00a0 Sample standard deviation
c.\u00a0 Replication error
d.\u00a0 Meta error<\/p>\n

23. An effect size indicator is a statistical measure of the strength of a relationship.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0\u00a0 True
b.\u00a0\u00a0 False<\/p>\n

24. Which of the following can be viewed as an effect size indicator?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 r-squared
b.\u00a0 r
c.\u00a0 Eta-squared
d.\u00a0 Omega-squared
e.\u00a0 All of the above<\/p>\n

25. When the researcher rejects a true null hypothesis, a ____ error occurs.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Type I
b. Type A
c. Type II
d. Type B<\/p>\n

26. A post hoc test is ___.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 A test to compare two or more means in one overall test
b.\u00a0 A test to determine regression to the mean
c.\u00a0 A follow-up test to the analysis of variance when there are three or more groups
d.\u00a0 A follow-up test to the independent t-test<\/p>\n

27. The use of the laws of probability to make inferences and draw statistical conclusions about populations based on sample data is referred to as ___________.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 Descriptive statistics
b.\u00a0 Inferential statistics
c.\u00a0 Sample statistics
d.\u00a0 Population statistics<\/p>\n

28. A statistical test used to compare 2 or more group means is known as _____.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 One-way analysis of variance
b.\u00a0 Post hoc test
c.\u00a0 t-test for correlation coefficients
d.\u00a0 Simple regression<\/p>\n

29. A statistical test used to determine whether a correlation coefficient is statistically significant is called the ___________.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 One-way analysis of variance
b.\u00a0 t-test for independent samples
c.\u00a0 Chi-square test for contingency tables
d.\u00a0 t-test for correlation coefficients<\/p>\n

30. The cutoff the researcher uses to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis is called the:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 Significance level
b.\u00a0 Alpha level
c.\u00a0 Probability value
d.\u00a0 Both a and b are correct<\/p>\n

31. Which ____ percent confidence interval will be the widest (i.e., the least precise) for a particular data set that includes exactly 500 cases?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 99%
b.\u00a0 95%
c.\u00a0 90%
d.\u00a0 None of the above<\/p>\n

32. As sample size goes up, what tends to happen to 95% confidence intervals?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 They become more precise
b.\u00a0 They become more narrow
c.\u00a0 They become wider
d.\u00a0 Both a and b<\/p>\n

33. __________ is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Type I error
b.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Type II error
c.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Type A error
d.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Type B error<\/p>\n

34. Which of the following statements is\/are true according to the logic of hypothesis testing?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 When the null hypothesis is true, it should be rejected
b.\u00a0 When the null hypothesis is true, it should not be rejected
c.\u00a0 When the null hypothesis is false, it should be rejected
d.\u00a0 When the null hypothesis is false, it should not be rejected
e.\u00a0 Both b and c are true<\/p>\n

35. What is the key question in the field of statistical estimation?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 Based on my random sample, what is my estimate of the population parameter?
b.\u00a0 Based on my random sample, what is my estimate of normal distribution?
c.\u00a0 Is the value of my sample statistic unlikely enough for me to reject the null hypothesis?
d.\u00a0 There is no key question in statistical estimation<\/p>\n

36. Assuming innocence until \u0393\u00c7\u00a3proven\u0393\u00c7\u00a5 guilty, a Type I error occurs when an innocent person is found guilty.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 True
b.\u00a0 False<\/p>\n

37. This is the difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 Standard error
b.\u00a0 Sampling error
c.\u00a0 Difference error
d.\u00a0 None of the above<\/p>\n

38. The \u0393\u00c7\u00a3equals\u0393\u00c7\u00a5 sign (=) is included in which hypothesis when conducting hypothesis testing?<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 Null
b. Alternative
c.\u00a0 It can appear in both the null and the alternative hypothesis<\/p>\n

39. A Type I error is also known as a ______.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. False positive
b. False negative
c. Double negative
d. Positive negative<\/p>\n

40. A Type II error is also known as a ______.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. False positive
b. False negative
c. Double negative
d. Positive negative<\/p>\n

41. If a finding is statistically significant one must also interpret the data, calculate an effect size indicator, and make an assessment of practical significance.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. True
b. False<\/p>\n

42. The p-value used in statistical significance testing should be used to assess how strong a relationship is. For example, if relationship A has a p=.04 and relationship B has a p=.03 then you can conclude that relationship B is stronger than relationship A.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. True
b. False<\/p>\n

Answers:<\/p>\n

1. b 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. c 6. b 7. c 8. a 9. a 10. c 11. d 12. b 13. a 14. a 15. b 16. b 17. b 18. c 19. a 20. c 21. c 22. a 23. a 24. e 25. a 26. c 27. b 28. a 29. d 30. d 31. a 32. d 33. b 34. e 35. a 36. a 37. b 38. a 39. a 40. b 41. a 42. b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1. Which of the following symbols represents a population parameter? a.\u00a0 SD b.\u00a0 s c.\u00a0 r d.\u00a0 0 2. If you drew all possible samples from some population, calculated the mean for each of the samples, and constructed a line graph (showing the shape of the distribution) based on all of those means, what would…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-81","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ugc-research"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=81"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=81"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=81"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/temp.ashkerala.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=81"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}